martes, 18 de diciembre de 2012

Las 7 Razones que avalan la inteligencia extraterrestre

New post on Misterios de la Astrofísica.

Las siete razones por las que la astrobiología mas escéptica avala la inteligencia extraterrestre.

by starviewer
El siguiente artículo muestra la opinión  de los científicos que investigan la vida extraterrestre, aunque esta vez desde una perspectiva absolutamente escéptica, y pese a tal perspectiva señalan que aunque ellos creen que aún no tienen evidencias concretas de la existencia de vida extraterrestre en otros planetas, lunas o entornos diferentes de la Tierra, sí existen razones de peso para pensar que muy pronto descubriremos vida extraterrestre incluso en nuestro propio Sistema Solar.
Aquí expondremos las siete razones por las que incluso los científicos más escépticos del planeta creen que existe vida ahí fuera, esperando a que la detectemos. En su opinión, se trataría de vida biológica primitiva aunque en efecto, se trataría de vida extraterrestre al fin y al cabo. Para ello hemos recabado el testimonio de varios expertos en astrobiología que de forma sintetizada reproducimos seguidamente:
1. Extremófilas en la Tierra y su estudio.
Uno de los mayores descubrimientos en lo que a los temas de astrobiología concierne es la existencia de bacterias extremófilas, aquellas que soportan temperaturas incluso incompatibles con la presencia de temperaturas consideradas lógicas en la Tierra. Actualmente ya se ha demostrado que existen organismos capaces de sobrevivir a temperaturas extremas, condiciones de presión atmosférica, calor extremo, frío, inexistencia de oxígeno, e incluso compuestos quimicos venenosos para la química del Carbono. Todo ello demuestra que los recientes descubrimientos en los Andes, en los Polos, en el Ártico o incluso en la gélidas regiones del antártico, y en el vacío, hacen pensar que la vida es mucho más habitual de lo que inicialmente se pensaba. Incluso en atmósferas hostiles como la de Titán la vida podría hacerse realidad basada en la química de hidrocarburos que sustituyen al agua. Estas y otras cuestiones ya no constituyen ciencia ficción, con independencia de su reconocimiento oficial.
2. Evidencia de precursores de la vida en Planetas y Lunas.
La vida en la Tierra tal y como la conocemos provino probablemente de reacciones químicas y electromagnéticas que aún estamos lejos de conocer y que dieron lugar a la formación de procesos químicos, membranas y protomembranas Celulares así como ADN. Pero todas esas reacciones químicas, partieron de impulsos electromagnéticos y componentes aminoácidos que dieron lugar a una sopa vital, tal como los ácidos nucleótidos, las proteinas, los carbohidratos y las grasas, tanto en la atmósfera terrestre como en sus océanos, al igual que podría haber sucedido en otros planetas, lunas análogos al nuestro. La Nebulosa de Orión es un ejemplo continuo de la formación de estos componentes fundamentales para la vida. Aunque no se haya reconocido aún la existencia de vida, si se han descubierto los componentes fundamentales que dan origen a esta. Prueba de ello es la vida en la Tierra. Dado que tales componentes están presentes de forma abundante en el Universo, cabe afirmar que sería absurdo sostener que sólo la Tierra ha conseguido generar o materializar lo que denominamos vida.  Adicionalmente la clave de la configuración de la energía primigenia que "ordena" la sopa responde a algún tipo de inteligencia y no a una mera casualidad.
3. La Rápida expansión y descubrimiento de planetas como la Tierra fuera de nuestro sistema solar.
En los últimos diez años, los buscadores de exoplanetas han localizado decenas de  cientos de planetas con características similares a Júpiter, tanto en tamaño, masas, pero las nuevas técnicas depuradas de detección de planetas, han permitido detectar también planetas rocosos más pequeños, e incluso lunas orbitantes de planetas jovianos a distancias idóneas  para el desenvolvimiento de la vida. Es lo que se conoce como la Zona "Goldilocks" o zona al rededor de la estrella en la que podrían desenvolverse las condiciones idóneas para la vida. A medida que las capacidades de los hallazgos en la tierra muestran la mayor resistencia de las bacterias extremófilas, mayor es la amplitud de las posibilidades de aparición de formas de vida extraterrestre.
4. Variabilidad y tenacidad de las diversas formas de vida en la tierra a pesar de las condiciones hostiles.
La vida en la tierra se ha desenvuelto en etapas presentes desde hace más de 4.500 millones de años en diversas extinciones, y pese a ello ha seguido avanzando, generando y perseverando, lo que induce a pensar que la vida es mucho más fuerte y abundante en el Universo de lo que inicialmente se pensaba. Geológicamente hablando, las tensiones geológicas, periodos climáticos cíclicos, eras glaciales, calentamientos, etc...han contribuido a una consolidación y desarrollo de la complejidad y no a una extinción con el paso de las eras. Este evento hace pensar que existen condiciones básicas que podrían darse en las lunas de Saturno, o de Júpiter. Pero también en otras lunas de planetas extrasolares ubicados en zonas donde las condiciones atmosféricas son favorables o incluso en lugares donde las condiciones aparentes son desfavorables.
5. Misterios relativos a cómo la vida surgió en la Tierra.
A pesar de las especulaciones que realicemos en la comunidad científica sobre el origen de la vida en la Tierra, sigue siendo un misterio, cómo de las complejas moléculas preexistentes a la química del carbono se formó la sopa básica y posteriormente la vida mediante determinados estímulos electromagnéticos. Lo cierto es que poco a poco podríamos hipotetizar con modelos, pero necesitamos explicar la fase del paso de membranas a células. Sabemos que desde ambientes muy hostiles en el pasado de la Tierra se generó la vida, algo que igualmente pudiera suceder en otros planetas extrasolares diferentes al nuestro. Pero incluso tendríamos que asumir que la vida se puede contagiar de un planeta a otro mediante los meteoritos, como podría haber sucedido desde Marte hasta la Tierra, e incluso más allá.  Esta teoría denominada panspermia sugiere que la vida es originada por los componentes presentes en los meteoritos al caer en los planetas.  No resulta descabellado pensar a la luz de los datos que los planetas funcionan como receptores de una semilla que proviene del espacio.
6. La evidencia creciente de que los océanos y los lagos y ríos son habituales en nuestro sistema solar.
Afirmamos sin duda que la vida se originó en los océanos de la Tierra y consideramos que este podría ser igualmente el caso de otros mundos diferentes al nuestro. Actualmente existe evidencia fuerte de la existencia de flujos de agua en Marte así como de la existencia confirmada de ríos, lagos y mares en Titán compuestos de metano líquido en su superficie. Existen indicios suficientes para afirmar que la luna Europa contiene bajo su superficie el mayor Océano de agua salada del sistema Solar que está cubierto por una espesa capa de hielo, como si toda la luna fuese un continente helado bajo el cual fluyera un Océano a temperaturas variables entre los -10Cº y los 20Cº con un extraño fenómeno de inversión térmica en el que las temperaturas ascienden a medida que nos alejamos de la superficie por el efecto del núcleo de Europa y su interacción con las fuerzas gravitacionales con Júpiter. Así podríamos encontrar en un futuro formas biológicas complejas en Europa.
7.-La paradoja de Fermi para justificar que nunca encontraremos vida inteligente.
Mucha gente argumenta la paradoja de Fermi para tratar de explicar por qué nunca encontraríamos vida inteligente en el Universo. Y ciertamente hasta hace poco era lógico. Pero ahora sabemos muchas cosas que Fermi desconocía: Los seres vivos son capaces de adaptarse a los entornos más complejos y hostiles y sobrevivir a ellos.  Por tanto, si en otros planetas hubieran seguido nuestra misma historia, podría darse el caso de cambios más bruscos o menos bruscos, e incluso especies diferentes en las que de forma no ortodoxa se llegara a materializar la inteligencia de forma diferente a la que ahora conocemos. Incluso, cabría la posibilidad de formas biológicas absolutamente diferentes a la química del Carbono, y si seguimos estrictamente los planteamientos de la teoría de la evolución y el estadio temporal de muchos sistemas mucho más viejos que la Tierra, incluso podría afirmarse que la vida podría adaptarse a vivir en el espacio exterior y no sólo en los planetas, lo que podría implicar formas no ortodoxas de vida que seríamos incapaces de imaginar.
Por todas las razones apuntadas anteriormente, estamos en una etapa fascinante de descubrimientos muy próximos. El escepticismo ya no puede basarse en la idea de la paradoja de Fermi, sino en la evaluación de las pruebas determinadas a la luz de las evidencias. el escepticismo puede materializarse en la evidencia concreta o no, la prueba concreta o no, pero no debe constreñirse a la hipótesis, ya que de lo contrario correríamos el riesgo de negar las evidencias.
Bibliografía extensa sobre el tema:
1.-Extremófilas:
1.Enzimas fúngicas extremófilas de aplicación biotecnológica: producción y caracterización de ramnosidasas alcalofílicas de ...
Rojas, Natalia Lorena / Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Jan 2009
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3.
Enzimas fibrolíticas de Humicola grisea [manuscrito]: produção, caracterização e seus efeitos sobre a digestibilidade in vitro ...
Cristine dos Santos Settimi Cysneiros , Apr 2009
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4.
Indução da expressão da Glicerol-3-Fosfato desidrogenase em levedura /
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6.
Fibrolytic enzymes of Humicola grisea: Production, characterization and its effects on the in vitro digestibility of Marandu ...
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Molecular and structural analysis of maltose binding protein (MalE) of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri. Análise molecular e ...
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9.
Fibrolytic enzymes of Humicola grisea: Production, characterization and its effects on the in vitro digestibility of Marandu ...
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3.-Supertierras y la zona Goldilocks:
1.Category: Goldilocks zone | Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT [23K]
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Knight Science Journalism Tracker » Blog Archive » (Updated*) Lots of Ink: 20 light years away, a fairy tale planet ju-u-u-ust right for life (and good enough for a press frenzy)? [45K]
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Category: extrasolar planets | Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT [60K]
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Many billions of rocky planets in the habitable zones around red dwarfs in the Milky Way [93K]
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Apr 2012
...Astronomers have discovered the first known system of three superEarths beyond the solar system. From planet to plutoid Pluto and...warming of the atmosphere over and around the icy continent. Goldilocks tree leaves Leaves mostly keep their cool (or warmth) wherever...
[https://www.sciencenews.org/view/issue/id/33376]
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July 5th, 2008 [36K]
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...Astronomers have discovered the first known system of three superEarths beyond the solar system. From planet to plutoid Pluto and...warming of the atmosphere over and around the icy continent. Goldilocks tree leaves Leaves mostly keep their cool (or warmth) wherever...
[http://www.sciencenews.org/index.php/feature/id/48140/...]
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4.-Tenacidad de la vida:
1.Open Research Online - The geochronology of large igneous provinces, terrestrial impact craters, and their relationship to mass extinctions onEarth [24K]
Kelley, Simon, Jan 2007
...diameter has formed on Earth every million years...formation and ages of mass extinctions is related as much...HVIs and global massextinctions of life on Earth. However, there is...between at least one massive HVI crater formation...
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Nemesis, Proposed Companion Star to the Sun and Mass Extinctions on Earth [40K]
Aug 2010
...times the size of Earth, occupying a...periodicity of the extinctions The Nemesis theory...means of triggering massive extinctions are essentially...formation of the Earth. Since gravitational...first fossil records on Earth also date...
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KU News - Looking to heavens, KU researchers solve puzzling extinctions on Earth [19K]
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Scientists explore origins of 'supervolcanoes' on the sea floor: Ancient goliaths blamed for multiple mass extinctions [57K]
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5.
Life Extinctions By Cosmic Ray Bursts
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Deev Jahi Model of the Permian–Triassic boundary mass extinction: a case for gas hydrates as the main cause of biological crisis on Earth
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Andy Ridgwell / Daniela N. Schmidt, Feb 2010
...Past constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release...markedly 6, 7 , whereas extinctions of surface dwellers...Here we use the Earth system model GENIE-1...Earth & Environment Earth sciences Evolution...journal is printed on recycled paper About...
[http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n3/abs/ngeo755.h...]
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10.
Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the Earth 34 million years ago: implication for eocene extinctions.
Ganapathy, R, Science (New York, N.Y.), 216 (4548), p.885-886, May 1982
...coincides with the extinction of five major species of Radiolaria. It is suggested that a massive, chemically undifferentiated meteorite collided with the earth, producing the tektites and leading to extinctions 34 million years ago.
MEDLINE/PubMed Citation on  MEDLINE
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5.-Panspermia: Vida procedente del espacio y que llega a los planetas.
1.Origin Of Life: The Panspermia Theory | Science in Society [27K]
Jun 2012
Origin Of Life: The Panspermia Theory by Sonali S. Joshi | 02 Dec...that hovers on this border is the panspermia theory, which suggests that life...One argument that supports the panspermia theory is the emergence of life soon...
[http://scienceinsociety.northwestern.edu/content/artic...]
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2.
Cardiff Centre for Astrobiology researching panspermia and the origins of life archive of recent publications [72K]
Aug 2007
...PROGRESS TOWARDS THE VINDICATION OF PANSPERMIA N.C. Wickramasinghe 1 , M. Wainwright...3TL, Wales, UK Abstract Theories ofpanspermia are rapidly coming into vogue, with...generally accepted as inevitable. The panspermia models of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe require...
[http://www.astrobiology.cf.ac.uk/cultured.html]
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3.
Panspermia [16K]
Apr 2012
...Editor -- Most Popular: ( 10 25 50 75 100 Help Panspermia Panspermia is the theory that microbes in space bring life...transported by light pressure (Arrhenius's radio-panspermia), unmanned spaceships (Crick's directed panspermia...
[http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Panspermia]
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4.
Life in the Universe Origin of Life Conditions for Life Panspermia [9K]
Sep 2001
Panspermia Today, it is generally accepted that...Earth. This hypothesis is known as "panspermia" . It is an old idea, and until recently...implications for the discussion about the panspermia hypothesis. Are we the aliens? In...
[http://www.lifeinuniverse.org/noflash/Panspermia-04-05...]
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5.
Sign in to read: The word: Panspermia - space - 07 March 2006 - New Scientist [22K]
Dec 2010
...Science in Society | Opinion The word: Panspermia 07 March 2006 Magazine issue 2541...in the offing. If you believe in panspermia, however, you may already have an inkling of what to expect. Panspermia is the idea that life on planets...
[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18925411.900-the...]
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6.
Alien Bacteria Could Breed in Extreme 'Hypergravity' | Alien Planets & Alien Life | Panspermia & The Origin of Life | Space.com [43K]
Oct 2012
...life as we know it, researchers said. Panspermia possible? The results also suggest...microbes as well -- an aspect of the "panspermia" hypothesis, which posits that the...by the mechanism often discussed in panspermia hypotheses -- i.e., impact-based...
[http://www.space.com/11478-alien-life-bacteria-hypergr...]
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7.
Ballistic Panspermia [9K]
Sep 2010
...Interdisciplinary Studies Velikovsky Encyclopedia Catastrophism! Archive Electric Universe theory Plasma Universe Thunderbolts BallisticPanspermia Scientists are already convinced that cratering events on the moon and Mars have propelled rocky debris in the direction of...
[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf099/sf099g10.htm]
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8.
Guest Editorial -- Evolution vs. Panspermia [8K]
Apr 2007
Guest Editorial Evolution vs. Panspermia by Prof Alex Antonites SETI League...the scene in the 20th Century - panspermia. This literally means that seeds...Just like evolution, the idea of panspermia was first formulated by Greek philosophy...
[http://www.setileague.org/editor/pansperm.htm]
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9.
Eight-Legged Space Survivor Gives 'Panspermia' New Life | Space.com [40K]
Oct 2012
...Eight-Legged Space Survivor Gives 'Panspermia' New Life by Robert Roy Britt, Senior...between planets. This idea, called panspermia, is not new. It holds that the seeds...be Martians. In various forms, the panspermia concept was discussed among scientists...
[http://www.space.com/5843-legged-space-survivor-panspe...]
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10.
The Debate of Panspermia: Are We the Descendents of Aliens? | Serendip's Exchange [52K]
Jun 2012
...SerendipUpdate's blog › The Debate of Panspermia: Are We the Descendents of Aliens...Web Report On Serendip The Debate of Panspermia: Are We the Descendents of Aliens? by A.B. Panspermia is the theory tha stuff of life is everywhere...
[http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1919]
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6. -Lagos, ríos y Océanos en el Sistema Solar.
A).-Titán:
1.ESA Portal - Splashing down on Titan's oceans [17K]
Apr 2003
...Life Protecting the Environment Benefits for Europe Media Centre Press Releases ESA Television Launch...Subscribe Search Will Huygens land or splashdown on Titan? Splashing down on Titan's oceans Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is a mysterious...
[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMW889YFDD_index_0.html]
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2.
ESA Portal - Life in Space - Splashing down on Titan's oceans [17K]
Apr 2003
...Life Protecting the Environment Benefits for Europe Services Subscribe Search Will Huygens land or splashdown on Titan? Splashing down onTitan's oceans Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is a mysterious...
[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMW889YFDD_Life_0.html]
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3.
ESA - Space Science - Christiaan Huygens: Discoverer of Titan [22K]
Sep 2003
...mission to Saturn and Titan is now giving back the...Huygens’s discovery of Titan, the largest moon was...2005. Scientists in Europe and around the world...that they can unveil Titan’s surface. In 2008...Splashing down on Titan's oceans Challenges of landing...
[http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMJRT57ESD_index_0.html]
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4.
ESA Portal - Splashing down on Titan's oceans - images [17K]
Apr 2003
...Environment Benefits for Europe Media Centre Press Releases...Search Splashing down on Titan's oceans Back to article This...artist's rendering shows Titan's surface with Saturn...the background through Titan's thick atmosphere...
[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMW889YFDD_index_1.html]
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5.
Titan: A new facility for ultraclean sampling of trace elements and isotopes in the deep oceans in the international Geotraces program
De Baar, H.J.W. / Timmermans, K.R. / Laan, P. / De Porto, H.H. / Ober, S. / Blom, J.J. / Bakker, M.C. / (...) / Klunder, M., Marine Chemistry, 111 (1-2), p.4-21, Aug 2008
doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.07.009
...filled circles) and in 2005 by Titan system (open circles). Also shown dissolved Fe (filled...00°N 17.5W° 50 0.46 Titan frame 100 0.046 200 0.21 400...31 30.00°N 17.50°W Titan frame 100 0.11 200 0.31 500 0...trace elements in the world oceans has...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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6.
Cassini Radar Images Show Dramatic Shoreline On Titan [56K]
Sep 2005
...Discovered On Saturn's Moon Titan (Mar. 14, 2007) Instruments...latitudes of Saturn's moon Titan. One such feature is...swinging by Saturn's moons Titan and Dione with no maneuver...think of it as a volcano Europe's oceans changing at unprecedented...
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050917084...]
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7.
ASP: Science@Saturn: Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan [16K]
Jun 2010
...mission to Saturn and Titan represents a rare opportunity...close flybys of the moon Titan, and numerous flybys...the United States and Europewill analyze the data...in the solar system? Titan What goes on beneath...Are there continents or oceans beneath? What processes...
[http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl...]
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8.
A water ocean on Titan? [117K]
Feb 2012
...likely explanation is that Titan is not solid all the...Enlarge The surface of Titan has some of the largest...Scientists believe that oceans of liquid water and ammonia...Still, the case for Titan having an underground...measurement of the obliquity of Europe or Ganymede could bring...
[http://www.physorg.com/news223820319.html]
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9.
Unmasking Titan: Volcano Spotted on Saturn's Smoggy Moon | Space.com [37K]
Oct 2012
...hints of volcanoes on Titan, but the results were...release methane into Titan's atmosphere," Sotin...motion -- it can move oceans and more. Because Titan's orbit is elliptical...Sheds New Light on Titan Europe's Huygens Probe Landed...
[http://www.space.com/1179-unmasking-titan-volcano-spot...]
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10.
ESA Portal - Life in Space - Splashing down on Titan's oceans - images [16K]
Apr 2003
...Environment Benefits for Europe Services Subscribe Search Splashing down on Titan's oceans Back to article This narrow...artist's rendering shows Titan's surface with Saturn...the background through Titan's thick atmosphere of...
[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMW889YFDD_Life_1.html]
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B.-)Europa:
1.SOME SIMPLE GUIDELINES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE [40K]
C. T. Russell, Sep 2010
...the nearly corotating jovian magnetosphere. The plasma...probe for subsurface oceans beneath the crust. In...and its effects on the jovianmagnetosphere are reviewed...conducting layer like that of Europe. Earlier observations...interaction with the jovian magnetosphere as the...
[http://spc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/some...]
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2.
Constraints on the presence of volatiles in Ganymede and Callisto from an evolutionary turbulent model of the Jovian subnebula
Mousis, Olivier / Gautier, Daniel, Planetary and Space Science, 52 (5-6), p.361-370, Apr 2004
doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.004
...actual orbits of Io, Europe, Ganymede and Callisto...Mass distribution of the Jovian subnebula as a function...presence of subsurface oceanswithin these satellites...presence of such internal oceans in the interiors...compounds in the circum-Jovian and circum-Saturnian...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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3.
Analyse des structures de la surface d'Europe (satellite de glace de Jupiter): conséquences dynamiques, rhéologiques et ...
Mével, Loïc , Oct 2003
...fréquentes à la surface d’Europe. En outre, nous avons mis en...rotation non synchrone d’Europe. Ces résultats pourront servir...par ailleurs. Mots-clés : Europe, satellite de glace...frozen. Heat dissipation due to jovian tides...
Full text thesis available via NDLTD  (CCSD theses-en-ligne)
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4.
Some simple guidelines to the interpretation of the magnetic signatures seen at the Galilean moons
Russell, C.T., Advances in Space Research, 26 (10), p.1653-1664, Jan 2000
doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(00)00111-3
...the nearly corotating jovian magnetosphere. The plasma...probe for subsurface oceans beneath the crust. In...and its effects on the jovianmagnetosphere are reviewed...conducting layer like that of Europe. Earlier observations...interaction with the jovian magnetosphere as the...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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5.
Dyson Dots: Changing the solar constant to a variable with photovoltaic lightsails
Kennedy, Robert G., III / Roy, Kenneth I. / Fields, David E., Acta Astronautica, 82 (2), p.225-237, Feb 2013
doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.022
Abstract No study of coping with climate change is complete without considering geoengineering. Leveraging Tsiolkovsky's and Tsander's 1920s idea to use mirrors for space propulsion, Fuller's 1940s Dymaxion Grid, Glaser's 1970s study of solar power ...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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6.
Klaus Schenker PA 158 / 1614: Jovian Planets 3. Galilean Moons of... [PDF-3MB]
Feb 2004
...Schenker PA 158 / 1614: Jovian Planets 3. Galilean...eight lecture course on Jovian Planets will cover: 1...Picture Gallery HST Galileo JovianSatellites: Fact Sheet...Callisto, Ganymede, and Europe have oceans and thus the potential...
[http://www.astro.le.ac.uk/~kjs/planets/lect3_4up.pdf]
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7.
Détecter la présence d’un océan dans Europe à partir de mesures altimétriques et gravimétriques
Castillo, Julie / Mocquet, Antoine / Sotin, Christophe, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, 330 (9), p.659-666, May 2000
doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00195-6
...de la réponse non hydrostatique d’Europe à la marée jovienne. La valeur du bourrelet...d'après [1] ) et paramètres orbitaux de Europe. La valeur de α est établie à partir...α= M jup M sat R D 3 Contraintes sur Europe Rayon moyen R (103 m) 1 565 Masse M sat...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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8.
On the possibility to determine the electrical conductivity of 67P/CG from ROSETTA magnetic field observations
Constantinescu, O.D. / Glassmeier, K.-H. / Auster, U. / Richter, I. / Fornaçon, K.-H. / Carr, C., Planetary and Space Science, 65 (1), p.1-9, May 2012
doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.12.005
...Herbert, 1980 ), or by using just orbital measurements ( Hood et al., 1999 ). More recently, sub-surface oceans of Jovian satellites Europa and Callisto have been detected by monitoring their electromagnetic response to transient magnetic...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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9.
L'instabilité elliptique dans les enveloppes fluides des planètes et des étoiles
Cébron, David , Oct 2011
...général, et une étude de stabilité adaptée à ce contexte montre que l’instabilité est possible sur la Terre primitive, Europe et trois exoplanètes (55CnCe, CoRoT-7b et GJ1214b). Enfin, la possible existence de l’instabilité au sein de certains...
Full text thesis available via NDLTD  (CCSD theses-en-ligne)
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10.
Penetrators for in situ subsurface investigations of Europa
Gowen, R.A. / Smith, A. / Fortes, A.D. / Barber, S. / Brown, P. / Church, P. / Collinson, G. / (...) / Wells, N., Advances in Space Research, 48 (4), p.725-742, Aug 2011
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.06.026
...route to Pluto), and by the Jovian Orbital mission Galileo between...satellites appear to have vast global oceans of liquid water deep underground...of the other icy bodies, the oceans are thought to be sandwiched...harsh radiation trapped in the Jovian magnetosphere, an environment...
Published journal article available from  ScienceDirect
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7.-La Paradoja de Fermi.
1.Fermi's Paradox [18K]
Dec 2008
...visited earth? This has come to be known as The Fermi Paradox Fermi realized that any civilization with a modest amount...straightforward explanation for what has become known as the Fermi Paradox. There must be some way to account for our apparent...
[http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec28.html]
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2.
Ask Dr. SETI: Hungarians and the Fermi Paradox [10K]
Dec 2002
...Biochemistry Hungarians and the Fermi Paradox Dear Dr. SETI: What's this...it has something to do with the Fermi Paradox. MH, Hungary The Doctor Responds: Physicist Enrico Fermi, said to be a firm believer in...
[http://www.setileague.org/askdr/hungary.htm]
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3.
Galactic exploration by directed Self-Replicating Probes, and its implications for the Fermi paradox
Barlow, Martin T., article, Aug 2012
...proposes a long term scheme for robotic exploration of the galaxy,and then considers the implications in terms of the `Fermi paradox' and our search for ETI. We discuss the parameter space of the `galactic ecology' of civilizations in terms of...
Full text article available from E-Print ArXiv
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4.
Extraterrestrial life, the Fermi paradox and the Hedonistic Imperative [20K]
Feb 2007
...number of extraterrestrial civilizations with which we might come in contact. Any such assumption must overcome the Fermi paradox: "Where are they? No discernible sign of extraterrestrial life exists - whether its artefacts, physical presence...
[http://www.hedweb.com/object32.htm]
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5.
Sign in to read: Where is Everybody? Fifty solutions to Fermi's paradox by Stephen Webb - 26 April 2003 - New Scientist [22K]
Feb 2012
...Everybody? Fifty solutions to Fermi's paradox by Stephen Webb 26 April 2003...Everybody? Fifty solutions to Fermi's paradox by Stephen Webb, Praxis, £17...solutions to the so-called Fermi paradox, famously poosed by the nuclear...
[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823925.900-whe...]
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6.
The Fermi Paradox, Self-Replicating Probes, and the Interstellar Transportation Bandwidth
Wiley, Keith B., article, Nov 2011
...probes underlies a frequently cited variation of the Fermi Paradox. We believe that a predilection for ETI-optimistic...consider several other models that seek to explain the Fermi Paradox, most notably percolation theory and two societal-collapse...
Full text article available from E-Print ArXiv
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7.
The Fermi Paradox In the last lecture we discussed some of the many... [PDF-58K]
Aug 2009
The Fermi Paradox In the last lecture we discussed some...More specifically, we will address the Fermi Paradox. In 1950, the Italian physicist Enrico...are the calculations that underlie the Fermi Paradox. If aliens are so common, why don...
[http://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr380f09/l...]
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8.
Fermi Paradox [5K]
Sep 2001
The Fermi Paradox In the oral tradition of the SETI community, Fermi's legendary question "Where are they...conversation on "The Prehistory of the Fermi Paradox" in 1998, Philip Morrison pointed out...
[http://frank.harvard.edu/~paulh/unpublished/fermi.htm]
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9.
The Sustainability Solution to the Fermi Paradox
Haqq-Misra, Jacob D. / Baum, Seth D., article, Jun 2009
...unlikely. This improbability is the heart of the Fermi Paradox. The Fermi Paradox leads some to conclude that humans have the only...introducing the "Sustainability Solution" to the Fermi Paradox, which questions the Paradox's assumption of...
Full text article available from E-Print ArXiv
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10.
Where is everybody? -- Wait a moment ... New approach to the Fermi paradox
Bezsudnov, I. / Snarskii, A., article, Jul 2010
The Fermi Paradox is the apparent contradiction between...civilizations. In general, solutions to Fermi's paradox come down to either estimation of Drake...cellular automata, that allows to analyze Fermi paradox. We introduce bonus stimulation model...
Full text article available from E-Print ArXiv
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StarViewerTeam International 2012.
starviewer | 19 diciembre 2012 en 4:23

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